…rain, but it can hardly be price-competitive compared to fumigation. Single-celled micro-organisms are often less sensitive to radiation of this kind compared to insects and mites. The doses used for the actual radiation-sterilisation of food and equipment will also kill all stages of the pests. Light traps: Many insects seek towards light. It is particularly light with wavelengths around the ultraviolet part of the spectrum that is attractive to…
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Laboratory methods for detection of pests in food
…be determined. In the absence of a UV spectrophotometer, one may use a non-specific, non-enzymatic method with phosphotungstic acid, which is measured at 670-690 nm. Carbon dioxide measurements: In a product that does not breathe significantly itself, for example, dry cereal, the insect respiration will be many thousand times greater than the respiration from any amount of weight of the product. The method has been used for quality control of cer…
Red-brown longhorn beetle
…it is most often woodwork in connection with poles, posts, doorsteps, door frames, window frames as well as exterior wood. The red-brown longhorn beetle is considered a threat when it comes wood that has been infested with either fungus, moist or rot. When the insect attacks the tree, the destruction will accelerate. They are therefore considered a threat even when the tree already has been damaged. Prevention and control Since the red-brown longh…
Millipede
…racks and crevices. If you want to treat against millipedes that have already entered the house, you can also do so with insect powder. To treat in the most efficient way, you should powder door openings, door frames, window frames, panel cracks, and similar places, where the pest might seek shelter. However, insect powder is rarely necessary as you can remove them by hand or use your vacuum cleaner….
German cockroach
…drying out. The hatching time is approx. 28 days. The female lives for 120-170 days and produces 5-6 egg capsules with as many as 30-40 eggs in each. The development of the young cockroaches happens through 6-7 nymph stages, where the nymphs are small and wingless. The favorable conditions for development are approx. 30 degrees, where the development takes two months. At 25 degrees, the development from egg to adult takes approx. 100 days. Damage…
Exit-holes in timber
…d lens-shaped (see p. 125). Fan bearing wood borer exit-holes in timber Fan-bearing wood-borer The exit-holes have a diameter of 0-1.5 mm. The larvae are found in the sapwood on deciduous trees. The wood dust is very fine and rat her like talc (see p. 125). Powder post beetle exit-holes in timber Powder post beetles The exit-holes have a diameter of 0-1.5 mm. The larvae most frequently occur in the sapwood of oak, but may also be found in various…
Cockroaches
…numbers in those places where they hide during daylight. they have certain fragrances that form in their glands in the intestine and these fragrances are excreted with the faeces, which attracts them to each other and which they perceive by the sense organs in the antennae. It has been proven that a lone, young cockroach thrive poorly and grows more slowly than when it has company. Apparently the young cockroaches stimulate each other in some way….
Prevention and control of birds
…lways check with the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) for updated rules on this matter before shooting birds. Some birds that have strayed into a building might be caught with this trap and later released into the wild. Trapping Pigeons can in some cases be captured in locations where they sit and sleep. You can also set up special traps. It is done by certain extermination companies, but can of course also be done by loc…
House longhorn beetle
…aves a trail of its own excrement behind. These excrements are small roller-shaped particles which, together with the gnawed wood chips, are transformed into the so-called drilling dust. The drilling dust is pressed tightly together in the passages, so that it eventually forms a solid mass. Often, the presence of the drilling dust alone will be an indicator that a house longhorn beetle is at stake in the woodwork. But also, the house longhorn beet…
Insect senses
…nnae. These hairs are designed like a sieve with tiny holes that allow the fragrance substance molecules to penetrate. Inside hollow hairs are the fragrances associated with sensory cells that convert the chemical signal into electrical impulses. The sense of taste is also tied to hair, which in principle work like the hairs tied to smell. They are particularly located around the insect mouth, but can also be part of the feet which for example mak…
Housefly
…he fly has enormous reproductive potential. An adult female lay between 100-120 eggs divided in 1-6 times. The development from egg to adult takes 1-2 weeks during the summer. Damage The housefly is known to be a peaceful insect, but if there is more than just a single fly in the home, one can quickly get tired of their buzz. A common perception of the fly is that it creates an unhygienic environment. If you are in a house with many flies, most pe…
Goat moth
…es are always in the surface timber of structures such as doors and window frames, and they are made by goat moth larvae. The female lays her eggs in crevices of the bark of various deciduous trees, particularly willow and poplar, but sometimes also in fruit trees. The larvae live and feed in the wood for 2-3 years and when fully grown they sometimes leave the tree they have been living in and seek a suitable place for pupation. Hole in wood from…
Bees, wasps and ants
…the hymenoptera females have stings. It consists of three needle- or blade-shaped parts. In some species, it is exclusively used as an ovipositor during the oviposition. Most of the species can use the sting as defense or attack weapons, as some of the glands, which are related to the female reproductive organs, produce venom. Common black ant The larvae are usually pale, fat and legless and are fed by the adults. Some hymenopteran have highly or…
Animals in foods
…ut which otherwise live and breed in cracks and crevices and similar hiding-places. These include cockroaches, silverfish and ants. Secondly, there are animals which lay their eggs in or on a foodstuff and in fact spend their whole life in it. Animals which only visit foods when they are hungry are very sparing in their choice of food and they may also make do with odd fragments, but many of those that live directly in their food are more fastidio…
Jet black ant
…ill them with a dark papery material which they make by mixing gnawed wood fragments with saliva and particles of earth or other available material. The jet black ants have built their cardboard nest under the floorboards, and have gnawed tracks in the soft spring wood. The timber these ants live in need not necessarily be damaged by moisture, and sometimes they spare the harder parts so that the summer wood remains as lamellae. When present in a…
Mice and rats
…holes torn by a cat or a marten, but here one would normally see distinct claw marks. Rats have been gnawing wires…
Earwigs
…the cave as a breeding chamber. The approximately 30 eggs she lays hatch 5-8 weeks later. The offspring resemble the adults but are smaller and do not yet have wings. During the summer, the offspring matures. Earwigs are nocturnal animals, and many new insects are in need of locations, where they can sit dark and protected during the day. Common earwig At night they come out and eat. They are almost omnivorous with a menu that includes both live…
Animals in thatch
…ccur in Britain. It is difficult enough to proof a house against martens and particularly so when it has a thatched roof. The marten tears holes in the thatch with its claws, and the edges of the holes are therefore frayed. Rats Rats (see also p. 88) can also work their way through a thatched roof. In contrast to the beech marten they use their teeth and a hole made in thatch by a rat therefore has regular sharp edges….
Yellow swarming fly
…ight as the swarms that occur in the fall. On hot days in October, invasion-like conditions can even occur, where the flies pull towards buildings where they enter through all openings and cracks. However, these periods are short and are over in a few days. In heated rooms, the flies will die, but on ceilings and in small cracks and crevices, the very cold-tolerant flies will overwinter. The flies like to visit the same buildings year after year….
Wharf borer Beatle
…dingly long feeler horns. The larva of the wharf borer beetle has a whitish-yellow color and can grow 2 to 3 centimeters long. The larva has characteristics that make it different from many other beetle larvae. It has 3 pairs of well-developed feet at the breast area, just as it has warts on the third and fourth hind body joints. Biology and behavior If you want to see the adult wharf borer beetles, the chance of encountering them is greatest in t…
Biscuit or drugstore beetle
…pasta and dog biscuits. They can also live in dried vegetables, nuts and spices. The adult beetles fly well and as they are attracted by light they are sometimes found on window frames, often far from the place where they developed. At a temperature of 22° C, development from egg to adult takes 2-3 months….
Indian meal moths
…wings are two-toned, the front third is light grey, the rest has a warm red-brown colour. These moths fly mostly in the dusk, but are attracted by light. In the day, they sit on walls with the wings covering their rear. The adult female moth lays eggs – up to 500 – in dry plant products. She can lay eggs in flour and cereals, but prefers dried fruit such as prunes, dates and raisins but also nuts, almonds and cocoa beans belong to her favourites….
Pigeons
…various kinds, and this is not optimal feed for chicks. However, a protein-rich liquid “pigeon milk” can be made of the seeds, when the adult squeezes them with its claws and chewing them with its beak. Pigeons can be very troublesome. They mess with their droppings, their nesting materials can clog piping, and nests can be a breeding ground for mites and insects that we do not want in our homes. Pigeons can also act as disease carriers. It is no…
Mining bees
…are therefore not aggressive. If you come across a mining bee, do not be afraid. It always helps to be as calm as possible if you are afraid of being stung. Prevention and pest control Since mining bees are a useful animal, it can be a bad idea to fight them without a proper cause. Therefore, try to leave mining bees alone, unless they are a nuisance to yourself or perhaps a danger to children or pets. Mining bees may well live in colonies, which…
The German cockroach
…emales lay their eggs in brown capsules. These capsules are divided into 30-40 small compartments, each containing an egg. The female carries around the capsule – sticking out of the vulva – until offspring begins to swarm out. Development is progressing through 6 -7 nymphal stages which are relatively wider and darker coloured than the adults. The small nymphs can hide in crevices, which are only 1.6 mm wide (a pregnant female needs 4.5 mm). The…
What insects live off and live in
…al requirement for nutrition. Even animals which appear to feed on nutrient-poor or unbalanced diets compensate in different ways, for example by feeding heavily or by symbionts in the intestines. Animals cannot live off too pure foods. Insects cannot live in white sugar. It is simply too much of a unilateral food. Sometimes you can find booklice in sugar bags, but if you look closely you will see that the insects are sitting high up on the bag’s…
Honeybees
…s firmly planted on her throne in her nest. A community of bees can form so-called “offshoots”, where the worker bees build some extra-large cells, in which new queens are raised. But the bees are only interested in having one queen. This means that the old queen is deposed from her throne and must find new pastures. Often, however, part of the colony’s bees will accompany her, and together they form a new nest and a new community elsewhere. The q…
Case bearing clothes moth
…o recognise, for they spin a small tubular case which becomes covered with fragments of wool or feather. They creep around in this case and withdraw into it when threatened. Clothes moth larvae, on the other hand, attach their tube firmly to the substrate. The case bearing clothes moth larva pupates inside its case. In other respects its habits and life history are similar to those of the common clothes moth, but it requires a higher humidity, and…
Index
…ax Ernobius mollis Euscorpius italicus Falco tinnunculus False scorpion Fan-bearing wood-borer Fannia canicularis Firebrat Flat grain beetle Fleas faeces Flies, faeces Flour beetle Flour mite scent Flour moth Fly bug Forest flies Forficula auricularia Formicoidea Fungus Fungus beetles Furniture beetles faeces Gamasid mites Garden ant Gas trodes ferrugineus Geophilus carpophagus German cockroach German wasp Gibbium psylloides Glycyphagus domesticus…
Where do pests come from?
…thoroughly tested for food pests. In Nordic countries, this control is non-existing. It is also doubtful that such controls have any significant effects. Species imported in large amounts is in fact still quite rare as food pests in the cold Northern Europe. This applies to both countries that have import controls and countries which do not. It is assumed that most of the imported food pests die shortly after arrival either because it is too cold…